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IRON AND STEEL

Overview

PROCESSES

• Agglomeration
  
• Coking
  
• Blast Furnace
  
• Direct Reduction
• Basic Oxygen Furnace
• Electric Arc Furnace
• Heat Treating
• Ladle Metallurgy
• Continuous Casting
• Ingot Casting
• Ladle Preheating
• Secondary Finishing
• Surface Coating
  
  

ALUMINUM

Overview

PROCESSES

• Mining/Primary Processing
  
• Recycle/Scrap Melting
  
• Aluminum Casting
  
• Aluminum Smelting
  
• Anode Baking
  
• Bauxite Mining
  
• Bauxite Refining
  
• Extrusion
  
• Forging
  
• Heat Treating
  
• Molten Handling
  
• Rolling

Equipment
Combustion Technology
Energy Consumption
Process Description
R&D Trends

Air/natural gas burners are used for tundish and nozzle preheating applications. Tundish heating during casting is achieved using some type of electric heating. Induction heating is most common, replacing most resistance heaters that were originally used. Development work is underway on arc plasma heaters that offer better control.

Steel Mill Process Heating Technology Study, Hatch Associates, GRI.