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IRON AND STEEL

Overview

PROCESSES

• Agglomeration
  
• Coking
  
• Blast Furnace
  
• Direct Reduction
• Basic Oxygen Furnace
• Electric Arc Furnace
• Heat Treating
• Ladle Metallurgy
• Continuous Casting
• Ingot Casting
• Ladle Preheating
• Secondary Finishing
• Surface Coating
  
  

ALUMINUM

Overview

PROCESSES

• Mining/Primary Processing
  
• Recycle/Scrap Melting
  
• Aluminum Casting
  
• Aluminum Smelting
  
• Anode Baking
  
• Bauxite Mining
  
• Bauxite Refining
  
• Extrusion
  
• Forging
  
• Heat Treating
  
• Molten Handling
  
• Rolling

Pusher side of a by-product coke oven battery. Courtesy of "The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel", Association of Iron and Steel Engineers.

Equipment
Combustion Technology
Energy Consumption
Process Description
R&D Trends

Coal is converted to coke in large coke oven batteries like the one pictured. The coking process consists of heating coal in the absence of air to drive off the volatile compounds; the resulting coke is a hard, but porous carbon material that is used for reducing the iron in the blast furnace. The modern by-product coke oven recovers volatile chemicals in the form of coke oven gas, tars, and oils.

Coke Oven Operation

Coke Oven Yield

The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, 10th Edition, Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, 1985.