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IRON AND STEEL

Overview

PROCESSES

• Agglomeration
  
• Coking
  
• Blast Furnace
  
• Direct Reduction
• Basic Oxygen Furnace
• Electric Arc Furnace
• Heat Treating
• Ladle Metallurgy
• Continuous Casting
• Ingot Casting
• Ladle Preheating
• Secondary Finishing
• Surface Coating
  
  

ALUMINUM

Overview

PROCESSES

• Mining/Primary Processing
  
• Recycle/Scrap Melting
  
• Aluminum Casting
  
• Aluminum Smelting
  
• Anode Baking
  
• Bauxite Mining
  
• Bauxite Refining
  
• Extrusion
  
• Forging
  
• Heat Treating
  
• Molten Handling
  
• Rolling

Basic Steel Mill Products Canadian Iron and Steel Industry Employment and Productivity Energy Consumption Environmental Issues Industry Modernization and Restructuring Integrated Mill Business Structure International Competition Labor Issues Market Drivers

Minimill Business Structure Price Trends Products and Markets Regulations and NOx Control Rolling Mills / Secondary Finishing Sales Revenue and Profitability Shipments by Major Markets Shipments by Type of Market Shipments by Type of Product U.S. Share of World Output U.S. Steel Shipments

Integrated steel mills produce steel from iron ore, coal, and lime, and typically supply a full range of products, with an emphasis on flat-rolled carbon steel, strip, and plate products. The capacity of integrated steel plants ranges from two million tons to four million tons per mill per year. Twenty years ago, there were 50 integrated steel mills in the United States; today, there are only 23, as shown in the list below. Most of these mills are located in the Great Lakes region of the country. U.S. Steel, Bethlehem, LTV, and Inland Steel all have sales exceeding one billion dollars per year in spite of down-sizing and restructuring. Other names such as Republic, Jones & Laughlin, and Youngstown have all disappeared from the scene spinning off independent mills, closing down, or merging to form a new major producer (LTV).

The 23 remaining steel mills in the United States:

• AK Steel, Ashland, OH (Linked to Middletown)
• AK Steel, Middletown, OH (Joint with Kawasaki)
• Bethlehem, Bethlehem, PA
• Bethlehem, Burns Harbor, IN
• Bethlehem, Sparrows Point, MD
• Geneva Steel, Geneva, UT
• Georgetown, Georgetown, SC*
• Gulf States, Gadsden, AL
• Inland, Indiana Harbor, IN
• Interlake, S. Chicago, IL
• LTV/Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
• LTV/Ind. Harbor, Ind. Harbor, IN
• McLouth, Detroit, MI
• National, Granite City, IL (Principal owner NKK)
• National, Great Lakes, MI (Principal owner NKK)
• Rouge Steel, Rouge, MI
• U.S. Steel, Edgar Thomson, PA
• U.S. Steel, Fairfield, AL
• U.S. Steel, Gary, IN
• USS/Kobe joint venture, Lorain, OH
• WCI Steel, Warren, OH
• Weirton Steel, Weirton, WVa
• Wheeling-Pittsburg, Steubenville, OH
• 
  *Integrated via direct reduction

Glossary

Tons - On this website, short tons (2000lbs) are used throughout, not metric tonnes (2200lbs), a commonly used measure internationally.

Hogan, W.T., "Steel in the 21st Century, Lexington Books, New York, 1994.

"Earning of largest Mills up 400% from 1993", Iron and Steel Engineer, April, 1995.