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IRON AND STEEL

Overview

PROCESSES

• Agglomeration
  
• Coking
  
• Blast Furnace
  
• Direct Reduction
• Basic Oxygen Furnace
• Electric Arc Furnace
• Heat Treating
• Ladle Metallurgy
• Continuous Casting
• Ingot Casting
• Ladle Preheating
• Secondary Finishing
• Surface Coating
  
  

ALUMINUM

Overview

PROCESSES

• Mining/Primary Processing
  
• Recycle/Scrap Melting
  
• Aluminum Casting
  
• Aluminum Smelting
  
• Anode Baking
  
• Bauxite Mining
  
• Bauxite Refining
  
• Extrusion
  
• Forging
  
• Heat Treating
  
• Molten Handling
  
• Rolling

Equipment
Combustion Technology
Energy Consumption
Process Description
R&D Trends

Energy is consumed both for preparing the scrap to be melted, and for melting the scrap prior to casting into ingots or other intermediate shapes. The energy utilized to prepare the scrap is dependent upon the type of scrap as illustrated in the figure.

The additional energy required for remelting the processed scrap is a function of the melting furnace's efficiency. The theoretical energy required to melt pure aluminum is 1.01 MMBtu/ton. Melting efficiencies can vary from 10% to 80%. Preheating of scrap, delaquering, and volatile organic compound incineration are all excellent gas loads.